For most verbs, the subjunctive (expressing wishes, recommendations, indirect requests, and speculations) differs from the indicative (statements of real things, or highly likely ones).

In the subjunctive, we use the plural form for the third-person singular. (“He takes” in the indicative becomes if “he take”in the subjunctive.)

For “to be” verbs in the subjunctive, we use:

• “be” in first- and third-person forms of the present tense (“she is” becomes “if she be”).
• “were” in first- and third-person forms of the past tense (“I was” becomes “if I were”).
• “have been” in first- and third-person forms of the present perfect tense  (“he has been” becomes “if he have been”).
(It all sounds kind of funny out of context. The examples below should clear it up.)

The subjunctive mood isused in these instances:

1. In “if” clauses to express condition contrary to fact.

Examples:

“If I were a rich man…”
“Were he alive, he would be proud of his son.”

2. In “that” clauses expressing a wish, request, recommendation or report of a command.

Examples:

The president requested that the emissary be treated fairly.
The attorney general demanded that the Congress come to a decision immediately.
The committee recommended that the rules be changed.

3. In main clauses to express a wish, hope, prayer, request or recommendation.

Examples:

I wish I were still living in Minnesota.
Hallowed be thy name.
Heaven help the working woman.
Long live the Queen!
The subjunctive be hanged!

A warning: Just because a sentence starts with “if” doesn’t mean it’s necessarily improbable or contrary to fact.  “If” sometimes introduces clauses of logical possibility, supposition or concession, and those are in the indicative mood. (“If Joe Biden was president….” Not likely, but certainly a possibility.)

  “Affect” as a verb.  (The norm) To have an influence on; to impress or to move; to produce a change in something or someone. Example:    His study was intended to show how alcohol affects reaction time.

“Effect” as a noun.  (Common usage) Something brought about; a result. Example:     They discussed the effect of the law on children.

“Effect” as a noun.  (Common usage) The way one thing acts upon another. Example:     The effect of the law has been to increase the use of alcohol.

“Effect” as a verb.  (Not common, but acceptable in rare cases.) To produce a result; to cause something to occur; to bring about an outcome. Example:     Smith said the cutbacks were designed to effect basic economies for the company. 

     While correct in this case, is it really clear to all readers? A better alternative: 

     Smith said the cutbacks were designed to implement (make happen) basic economies for the company. 
     Or: 
     Smith said the cutbacks were designed to bring about (produce a result) basic economies for the company. 

“Affect” as a noun.  Forget it; you’re in journalism, not psychiatry (though you might wind up in therapy). “Affect” as a noun means an emotional state as contrasted to a cognition. “Affect” is a dimension of behavior rather than a separate segment of it.  “Affect” is thus experienced at the same time that perception, performance and thought are going on. (See, I told you to forget it!)  As for the second line of the headline at the top of this missive, “effect an affect” would mean to cause a certain affectation or trait to occur. In other words, acting, something Robert DeNiro does and Ben Affleck tries to do, but not as well.

1. Determine if the usage calls for a verb or a noun. 

     2. If a verb is needed, 95 percent of the time or more the word you want is “affect.”  It means to change or to alter.  “The weather affects our moods.”  “Nutrition affects health.” “The seasons affect trees and flowers.” “The quality of your work affects your grade.” 

     3. The occasional need for “effect” as a verb arises when the narrow meaning “to cause or to bring about” is appropriate.  These rare occasions often occur in some form of the expression “to effect a change” or, in police jargon, “to effect an arrest” (to cause or make an arrest happen). Nevertheless, it’s still best to avoid, particularly in the last example because it’s simply police jargon, and it’s good to avoid jargon. 

     4. When a noun is required, the word is almost always “effect.” This means “a result.”“The effect of diligent study habits is better learning.” “The effect of making the correct choice is a better grade.” (Do you sense a theme here?) 

5. “Affect” can be a noun, but its use is almost entirely reserved for psychological jargon.  You could have a long career as a writer and editor and never encounter the need for the noun “affect.”

6. So be ready to make almost all verbs “affect.”

7. And be ready to make virtually all nouns “effect.”